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Land-to-sea plastic flows are 4–9 times higher than the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) assumes

Independent modelling finds far more plastic reaches the sea than OECD scenarios assume, and microplastic levels stay high to 2060 even under ambitious policy.

Authors / organisation
Sonke J.E., Koenig A., Segur T., Yakovenko N.
Year
2025
Journal or publisher
Science Advances
Digital object identifier (DOI)
10.1126/sciadv.adu2396
Study type
Model / projection
Evidence strength
Evidence: Medium
Sample / scope
Global plastic-cycle model, 1950–2060
Key finding
Land-to-sea plastic transport is about 14 million tonnes a year, 4–9 times OECD assumptions; marine plastic reaches 1,200–1,500 million tonnes by 2060 even with ambitious policy.
Headline number
14 million tonnes of plastic move from land to sea each year
Caveats / how it is misquoted
Single modelling study; ocean-inflow estimates vary widely by scope and method.
Open access
Yes
Verified on
22 September 2026

A team led by Jeroen Sonke at the University of Toulouse built an independent model of how plastic moves through land, rivers, oceans and air, then ran the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s own policy scenarios through it.

They estimated the marine plastic pool at 263 million tonnes in 2015, with 14 million tonnes a year moving from land to sea, several times the OECD's figure. By 2060, land-to-sea transport reaches 43 million tonnes a year under business as usual, 22 million tonnes under 'Global Ambition' and 18 million tonnes under 'System Change'. Marine accumulation reaches 1,500 million tonnes (business as usual) or about 1,200 million tonnes (ambitious policy).

The key message is that even the most ambitious policies only slow accumulation, because the plastic already in the environment keeps fragmenting into microplastics for decades.

This is one model among several, and estimates of ocean inflow vary widely depending on scope and method.

Sources last verified 22 September 2026. Page updated 23 September 2026. How we check sources